From Inflammation to Tissue Repair: A Compreh...

From Inflammation to Tissue Repair: A Comprehensive Overview of Wound Healing and Treatments

Author Name : V. Mangayarkarasi, M. Dhiksha, A. Anayappan, S. Swetha, S. Velladurai, K. Yuvaraj

ABSTRACT Wound healing is a complex process through which the body repairs damage to the skin or other tissues. It involves multiple stages that are essential for restoring the skin's barrier function and overall tissue integrity and progresses through four overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. The hemostasis phase starts immediately after injury, where blood clot formation halts bleeding and creates a protective barrier. This phase also releases growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which initiate the next phases of healing. The inflammatory phase follows, characterized by the recruitment of immune cells, including neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils clear pathogens and debris, while macrophages regulate inflammation and promote tissue regeneration by releasing cytokines and growth factors.