Review Article on Penicillin Resistance : A ...

Review Article on Penicillin Resistance : A Growing Threat to Public Heath

Author Name : Mukesh, Hans Raj, Dr. Jyoti Gupta

ABSTRACT Penicillin resistance represents a significant and escalating threat to global public health. Since the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928, its widespread use has revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. However, the misuse and overuse of penicillin in both medical and agricultural settings have contributed to the emergence and spread of resistant bacterial strains. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae have developed sophisticated resistance mechanisms, including the production of beta-lactamase enzymes, alterations in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), and the use of efflux pumps. This growing resistance compromises treatment efficacy, increases healthcare costs, prolongs hospital stays, and elevates morbidity and mortality rates. Addressing penicillin resistance requires a multifaceted approach, including antibiotic stewardship programs, improved infection control, public education, and the development of new antimicrobial therapies. International cooperation and strategic public health policies are crucial to mitigating this global crisis.